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Cyprus PIO: Public Lecture By FM on Cyprus Accession to the EU, 96-10-30

Cyprus Press and Information Office: Statements and Announcements in English Directory - Previous Article - Next Article

From: The Republic of Cyprus Press and Information Office Server at <http://www.pio.gov.cy/>


Public Lecture
by H.E. Mr Alecos P. Michaelides,
Minister of Foreign Affairs
of the Republic of Cyprus

"CYPRUS ACCESSION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION: A VISION AND A CHALLENGE FOR TODAY"

at the London School of Economics and Political Science 30 October, 1996

(On the occasion of the Conference "Cyprus in the European Union", organised by the European Institute of the London School of Economics and Political Science and the Hellenic Centre)

Honourable Members of Parliament and the European Parliament Ladies and Gentlemen

It is with particular pleasure that I find myself among you today. It is a great honour to be invited to address an audience such as is gathered here, on this occasion. I would like to congratulate the organizers of the Conference for their initiative and of course for extending to me their kind invitation for this public Lecture.

I stand here before you with a deep sense of responsibility, both because the London School of Economics and Political Science has the finest tradition in lively and informed debates, but also, because I have assumed the great responsibility of presenting the dream and vision of every Cypriot, a goal supported by all political parties in Cyprus, namely, the accession of Cyprus to the European Union, our vision and our challenge for today.

Putting the discussion in the right perspective, it is important to recognize that we live in a new and rapidly changing world. We are at the dawn of a new era whose characteristics are constantly and relentlessly changing.

The end of the cold war shifted our per-occupation away from the focus on the great dangers of massive destruction, to the new challenges and new opportunities. From the fear to the optimism about the future.

When the iron curtain came down, the people that lived under oppression and isolation have discovered the rest of Europe and they re-discovered the freedom they were denied for so many years. From that moment on, the people turned to pluralistic democracies, free market economies, legal systems to become guardians of human rights and the rule of law.

Promoting this great change became a real challenge for the European Union. It is a truly commendable achievement, that while the European Union was moving fast in the direction of furthering the integration process, it was realized, that Europe could not be limited to the borders of the European Union and that in the longer run, it would not be wise to ignore the reality that beyond the borders of the Union. The process chosen was to extend an invitation for integration. Thus, the invitation extended to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe as prospective candidates for becoming members of the Union, became a vehicle for helping them in their efforts to build new institutions, develop their economies and their legal and social structures.

The European Union took another historic step forward in the direction of the south, specifically focusing on the Mediterranean region. An area of increasing tension and conflicts which together with lack of economic development, could turn into one of the potentially most explosive regions in the world.

So in the Euro-Mediterranean Conference held at Barcelona last November, we adopted a Declaration by which programmes of political, economic and cultural cooperation, were launched, aiming at establishing peace, stability and prosperity around the Mediterranean.

The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership is now a reality. And it must be a commitment of all of us who participated in it; to pledge to promote the accepted international principles, outlined in this Declaration as defining the shared vision of a peaceful and prosperous Mediterranean and which can serve as the basis for a new Charter for the Mediterranean.

Cyprus supported the whole idea from the very outset and is fully committed to not only respecting the above principles but, more so, promoting their implementation throughout the Mediterranean region.

We believe that the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership can become a great Institution and we have done everything possible to make our contribution. We offered Cyprus as a venue because of its geographic position, for a number of activities and meetings.

It is truly remarkable how much was achieved in Europe in the last few years. No doubt other institutions made their contribution too, in particular the O.S.C.E. and the Council of Europe. But admittedly the European Union has and will continue being the prime mover and the leading force in meeting the great challenge: the building of the Europe of tomorrow.

Within this context, the challenge of enlargement, namely the invitation to 12 countries for future accession to the European Union, is a loud signal that we should never return to the past. Our minds, our thoughts, our plans, should be for the world of tomorrow, for the future.

Cyprus shares this vision and welcomes the fact that the European Union, is perceiving its role as the architect of the Europe of tomorrow, assuming the leading role in the European world.

In this frame of mind, I would like now to turn to the issue of the accession of Cyprus to the European Union.

Let me start by presenting a brief overview of the history of the relations between Cyprus and the European Community.

With the accession of Britain to the European Union, the Commonwealth preferential tariffs were dismantled and Cyprus faced the challenge of seeking trade arrangements that would facilitate its exports, since Britain was the main export market for our agricultural goods.

Thus, Cyprus turned to the European Community, seeking institutionalized trade arrangements.

These relations can be divided in three phases: - Phase one is from 1972 to 1987, - Phase two from 1988 to 1992, and - Phase three, from 1993 to around year 2000 when we expect to enter the last phase namely being a member of the Union..

Phase one starts with the signing of the Association Agreement in December 1972 that provided for two stages, each, of five years duration. The first stage involved the mutual and gradual elimination of import duties and tariffs. The second stage was due to commence on the second half of 1977 and would essentially be the transitional stage towards Customs Union.

Unfortunately, the Turkish invasion of 1974 and the continued occupation of 37% of our territory, brought a severe economic blow and a great social shock as we lost 70% of our economic resources that were in the occupied area, plus we had to provide for 1/3 of our population, i.e. 200,000 refugees, who were evicted from their homes and their properties.

Beyond the above, the European Community, unfortunately, became reluctant to sign the second stage and resolved to extending the first stage, year after year. Thus, Cyprus was in fact penalised for being a victim of aggression.

However with all these frustrations we continued our trade relations with the European Community until 1987, when we signed the Protocol, leading to Customs Union by the year 2002.

We thus moved to the second stage where new perspectives were opened in our exports. Proof of it is that today 59 % of our imports for home consumption come from the European Union and 59 % of our domestic exports go to E.U. countries.

But beyond the trading impact the Protocol built confidence in relations with the European Community, the moreso, because a series of Financial Protocols made it possible to execute major projects that boosted economic development, as well as facilitated projects of a bi-communal character such as the Nicosia Sewerage System.

Within this phase, Cyprus tabled its application for membership on 4th July 1990. Officials of the European Commission were sent to prepare the Avis. There followed almost 3 years when nothing was moving and even the Opinion itself was not published.

Here, we enter the third phase, starting from 1993 and that is the time when we became the Government with the election of President Clerides. Therefore, this is the period about which I can talk with great confidence and I may say, feel great pride, because of the results.

When President Clerides addressed the House of Representatives during the ceremony of his investiture on the 28th February 1993, he presented the programme that the Government would implement. In his speech President Clerides among others stated the following:

"We shall give priority to actions which aim at promoting the accession of Cyprus to the European Union. We shall undertake every effort to persuade the European Union that progress in Cyprus' s accession assist in the efforts to solve the Cyprus problem. If Europe wishes to solve the Cyprus problem, it should help by expressing its readiness to accept us as a member".

Two days later, when I assumed my duties as Foreign Minister I stated the following:

"The axis of our foreign policy is what we call the European Orientation. By this we not only mean our application for accession to the European Union and the harmonization of the structures existing in Cyprus with those of Europe, in order to become a fully member of the European Union, but also the activation of the European factor in the efforts to find a solution to the Cyprus problem".

As most of the Foreign Ministers are travellers, I decided that my first visit out of Cyprus would be to Brussels, in order to emphasise that truly the focal point of our foreign policy was promoting our accession to the European Union:

In Brussels I had my first meeting in my capacity as a Foreign Minister with Commissioner Hans Van den Broek, one that had given me the opportunity to understand the concerns of the European Union and, I must say, to establish an excellent communication with an extremely prominent figure of the European Union, for whom I have the highest regard.

I realised that what stopped the process of issuing the opinion was not the concern about our economy or institutions or social structures but the continuation of the Cyprus problem which was leading to a continuous postponement of the issuing of the Avis.

At that meeting I pointed out, and in fact that became my position expressed at every meeting with all Foreign Ministers of the European Union, that the reservation regarding the accession of Cyprus due to the continuation of the Cyprus problem was a gross misconception:

I highlighted that the Cyprus problem had not been resolved because Turkey insisted on maintaining the status quo which all declared as unacceptable. Therefore, it was unreasonable to penalise Cyprus because Turkey continued its intransigence, as has been testified by the Secretary-General in his reports to the Security Council.

Any reservations that may appear at the end of the process are no cause for blocking the opening of the process. On the contrary the opening of the process could considerably help promoting a solution to the Cyprus problem.

I believe, that the logic of these arguments probably led not only Mr Van den Broek but also the Foreign Ministers to reconsider.

We then entered a period of a series of milestone decisions by the appropriate bodies of the European Union, that brought Cyprus where it is now, that is, on a clear accession path:

The opinion of the European Commission on the application of Cyprus was issued on June 30 1993.

According to the Commission: "Cyprus's geographical position, the deep-lying bonds which, for two thousand years, have located the island at the very fount of European culture and civilisation, the intensity of the European influence apparent in the values shared by the people of Cyprus and in the conduct of the cultural, political, economic and social life of its citizens, the wealth of its contacts of every kind with the Community, all these confer on Cyprus, beyond all doubt, its European identity and character and confirm its vocation to belong to the Community".

The Commission's Opinion clearly and unequivocally concluded that Cyprus was eligible to join the European Union.

The next important decision was by the General Affairs Council, on the 4th October 1993, when it endorsed the Commission's Opinion. It also asked the Commission to embark on substantive talks with the Cyprus Government in order to help it prepare for the accession negotiations. It also decided that the application of Cyprus would be reviewed at the beginning of 1995 in the light of developments concerning the promotion of a solution of the Cyprus problem.

Some may say this reference was an expression of reservation. On the contrary we welcome this reference because it was a first step for the European Union to look closer to the problem and not from a distance. Proof of this is was the decision taken in December 1993 for the appointment of the European Observer in the person of Mr Serge Abou, who was asked to submit a report to the Council regarding developments related to the Cyprus problem.

Needless to say, the Turkish side, despite all the keen interest, professional commitment and impartiality that Mr Abou has displayed, refused to see him, because in fact they did not want the European Union to be involved in the efforts in finding a solution to the Cyprus problem. Their policy was always to veto the decision for our future accession to the Union.

The next milestone decision was that of the European Council in Corfu in June 1994, reconfirmed in Essen in December 1994 stating that Cyprus and Malta would be involved in the next enlargement of the European Union. The final report of the European Observer was submitted in the beginning of 1995, and it clearly stated that the Turkish side was solely responsible for the lack of progress towards a solution of the Cyprus problem. This opened the reexamination of Cyprus's application which resulted in another milestone decision: The decision of the General Affairs Council of March 6 1995, which stated that:

First: accession negotiations with Cyprus will commence six months after the and of the Inter-Governmental Conference.

Second: the Ministers regretted the lack of progress in the intercommunal talks and called for increased efforts to achieve a comprehensive settlement in accordance with the UN Security Council Resolutions.

Third: the Ministers considered "Cyprus accession to the European Union should bring increased security and prosperity on the island".

Finally, the Ministers called on the Commission to organise in consultation with the Cyprus Government the requisite contacts with the Turkish Cypriot Community for the purpose of making it perceive more clearly the advantages of European Union accession.

The next three European Councils, at Cannes in June 1995, at Madrid in December 1995 and at Florence in June 1996, each confirmed the decision of the European Union to begin accession negotiations with Cyprus and Malta. In fact, the last European Council used this time setting to also establish the timing of the beginning of the negotiations with countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

From then on, we were given the opportunity at the level of the President as well as the level of Foreign Minister to participate in political dialogue with the Heads of Government and the Foreign Ministers at the European Councils.

One can confidently say that with these decisions, demonstrated the vision of the European Union, through enlargement to work for pursuing peace, stability, and prosperity in a broader European landscape. This incorporated the vision of the people of Cyprus for a European future free from conflict and uncertainty. The challenge ahead of us today is to make the vision a reality.

Facing this great challenge, has two components: On the one hand to move ahead speedily with the harmonisation with the Union's acquis so that accession negotiations would be smoother and shorter.

On the other hand to seize the opportunity of the prospect of accession, in order to expedite a viable solution of the Cyprus problem.

Let us now focus on the first component, namely the harmonisation process.

We worked tirelessly to get the green light on embarking on the accession process. At this point let me stress that we have never looked at this prospect, as being a free ticket to enter the Union. On the contrary we looked at it as an invitation to meet a challenge. The challenge to become an equal partner in the Union. And for this reason the harmonisation with the acquis communautaire became an urgent mission.

When one refers to harmonisation the first thought is the state of our Economy.

Our economy had suffered all the devastating results of the invasion of 1974, as I described earlier. I am proud to say that we faced the blow successfully.

Twenty two years later our Economy is doing well to the extent that we satisfy the convergence criteria laid down in the Maastricht Treaty, for the participation in the Economic and Monetary Union.

- The rate of growth in 1996 is around 2.5% and in 1997 we expect it to rise to 3.5 - 4 %.

-The inflation rate is 3%

- Unemployment is at 3%.

- The Government budget deficit stood at 2,9% of the gross domestic product.

- The public debt is at 54% of the gross domestic product.

- The Cyprus pound has shown remarkable stability and has been linked since 1992 without any problems, to the narrow band (2.25%) of the exchange rate mechanism (ERM).

Let me also say that we have begun the process for reforming our monetary and credit systems, aimed at the liberalization of rates of interest and capital movements.

Therefore, the economic indicators show that Cyprus is not only prepared to join the Union but is also in a position to proceed to the third stage of economic and monetary union.

Now referring to the question of harmonisation let me say that our aim is to complete about 70 to 80 per cent of the harmonisation process, by the time negotiations commence, and most of the remaining during the negotiation process.

From the moment the Council in October 1993 opened the substantive discussions with the Commission, we have set up 22 working groups. The task of each group was to study the acquis, to identify the gap that had to be bridged and to submit its report to the Ministerial Committee on European Union Affairs. This has been done. The reports are available for every one who is interested, whether in the public or the private sector.

We then moved on to the next stage. Each group was asked to submit a programme including a time-table for implementing the harmonization programme. This process is concluded and the necessary decisions were taken by the Ministerial Committee.

Every six months each group will be reporting to the Ministerial Committee as to the progress in implementing the programme within the time table approved.

Let me point out that, the structured dialogue with the European Union was also an extremely useful vehicle not only for staying abreast on developments but also for developing an understanding and opening a communication channel with all political levels. We have already held sectoral talks at Ministerial level with the Council and the Commission on matters of justice and home affairs, the internal market, agriculture, transport and other sectors. Within the same context we are also participating in dialogue with the fifteen Foreign Ministers , during General Affairs Councils, on common foreign and security policy.

We are proud to say that the conclusions drawn by the European Union Representatives, after each meeting, within the context of structured dialogue, were very positive. All praised the high level of preparedness both at the political as well as at the Civil Service level. One of the areas of harmonisation to which we attach particular importance is that of the common foreign and security policy of the European Union because it expresses an advanced level of cooperation within the Union.

Since August 1994 we have declared that we would embark on the mission of aligning our foreign policy with that of the Union. As part of this process we regularly associate ourselves with the d marches and declarations of European Union on international issues.

This is also reflected in our voting record at the United Nations. For example the percentage of alignment in the voting pattern of our Delegation was as follows:

During the 48th session of the General Assembly it went up to 66%, in the 49th Session to 71% and in the 50th Session of the General Assembly it was 89%.

Concerning our external relations and foreign policy, I wish to note that we have been extremely active in the Middle East maintaining excellent relations with both Israel as well as with Arab neighbours. We are now a trusted friend of both. We aspire to establish Cyprus as a bridge between the European Union and the Middle East region but also we want to make a contribution not merely to the efforts for bringing an end to the Middle East problem but also for consolidating peace through building economic development in the region.

As regards to the Union goal of common security, we have had contacts with the Western European Union. Subsequently, the Ministerial Meeting of the WEU in May 1995 decided to establish a dialogue with Cyprus and Malta. This dialogue is held regularly and is developing well.

Let us now turn to our other challenge, namely our efforts to achieve a lasting solution to the Cyprus problem.

I want to repeat that our dream is to be a member of the Union. But our desperate wish and agony is to see an end to the division of our country and our people. To bring peace, security and prosperity for all the people of Cyprus in a united Cyprus.

I recall my meeting during the French Presidency, with Mr Alain Juppe, then Foreign Minister and now Prime Minister of France, when I was anxiously pressing for a time table for the commencement of the accession negotiations. He explained to me that it was already decided that no negotiations would start before the end of the IGC, which would be two to three years later. I explained then and I repeat now, that we always considered the prospect of embarking on the accession process as an invitation to the Turkish Cypriots to join together with us on this great venture. That it could become a true catalyst for a solution of the Cyprus problem.

We always considered that the decision for a time-table for the commencement of accession negotiations would put Turkey before a dilemma: It would have to chose either to continue its policy of blocking every initiative to solve the Cyprus problem but at the same time depriving the Turkish Cypriots from sharing the benefits of accession, or compromise and allow a solution and consequently all the people of Cyprus, Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots would jointly enter into the accession process and share the benefits.

This is why we were so keen in getting this date for accession negotiations as soon as possible. We felt that the interim until negotiations started, would be a unique opportunity for achieving a solution to the Cyprus problem.

Talking about economic benefits from accession, the Turkish Cypriot community would be the greatest beneficiary, so that we would speedily bridge the existing economic gap between us. It is well known that we enjoy a GDP per capita of $14,000 and that they have only $3,500. This element is important because we strongly believe that stability is based on economic prosperity.

Immediately after the March 6 decision we embarked on a process to encourage the Americans, the British, all members of the European Union, especially the leading countries, to be actively engaged in efforts to use the great opportunity provided, so that we can bring an end to the Cyprus problem.

I emphasised earlier that the time-table for the commencement of accession negotiations could become a real catalyst. This is why we were requesting clarity in the decision of the Council.

The reaction by Turkey was so strong and provocative for the reasons I described earlier: Its first reaction was to try to block it.

This came to no surprise to us. On the contrary it proved that the opening of the process was becoming a leverage pressing for a solution to the Cyprus problem.

Either the reaction or the great concern about the end of the process led to some approaches and to some statements which, I must say, we do not consider as helpful.

I want to be absolutely clear. We are not attributing dubious considerations for the above. They all try to seek some way out when they faced the provocative and totally negative Turkish stance.

Let's be more specific on these matters:

First, the question of informing the Turkish Cypriots about the benefits of accession. The need for this is fully recognized not merely because of the provision of the March 6 decision, but also because our wish to see the invitation to embark into the accession process as an incentive to our Turkish Cypriot compatriots, who could see the great prospects that lie ahead all of us and moreso the economic prospects for them.

We supported every initiative which would result in communication with the Turkish Cypriot people to inform them what life is within the Union and what benefits they would expect.

We supported and continue to support the idea of open lectures by experts, or seminars to people of different sectors, business people, farmers, professionals etc.

We do believe also that exchanges and discussion with political parties is a useful venue because they will then be able to inform their own members.

A lot of activities have already been done and I hope that more will be done in the near future.

In stating the above, I underlined two concepts: First the reference to experts and second, the communication with the people, the Turkish Cypriot Community, openly or sectorally. This emphasis is not accidental.

The voice of the expert is more convincing because there is no political consideration in what is said. A good example is the seminar Mr Wright referred to this morning, where professors, experts in their field, were invited to speak.

Regarding the other aspect, I underlined the need to approach the Turkish Cypriot Community sectorally or openly. This was naturally an answer to those who believe that some formalised contacts should be promoted with Mr Denktash or organs of his illegal regime. Any move in this direction will be counterproductive because it would be interpreted by Denktash as an encouragement to him to pursue his dream for a separate state.

Some tend to make frequent references to the two Communities. The clear reference of the Union's decision is to Cyprus and the Cyprus Government. There is a clear reference to the Turkish Cypriot Community regarding the need to make it perceive the benefits of the accession.

Now let us turn to another issue.

A series of statements were made by officials of Governments of member states. All focused on the difficulties of accession if the Cyprus problem is not solved prior to the accession.

We understand and appreciate the concerns. But we feel that the existence of such concerns should not lead them to publicise their worries but to multiply their efforts to see an end to the Cyprus problem.

When we hear these statements we are wondering whether they are addressed to us or to Turkey.

If they are addressed to us, does it mean that we have failed to convince them that we are not only ready but anxious for a solution?

If we were not anxious why are we trying so hard to get the European Union involved in the efforts to solve the problem?

Besides, we have never asked any country to commit itself as to how they will vote, regarding the accession of Cyprus, when we come to the end of the negotiation process.

So there is no urgency for anyone to tell us how they will stand on the issue at the end of the negotiations which will be around the year 2000.

I am afraid that such statements may be interpreted by Turkey as signals addressed to her. Turkey may consider that they are telling he that if the Cyprus problem is not solved, Cyprus will not enter the Union.

So in effect, regardless of the motivation, these statements may be construed by Turkey as giving her yet another reason to block a solution. And I am sure that nobody wishes to penalize the victim, Cyprus, and in effect reward Turkey for its intransigence.

Instead of playing with words that indicate either the existence of doubts or reservations or special interest considerations, I feel that the whole effort should be placed in the right context, with which I began my lecture.

One of the primary historical reasons for the creation of the EEC was to secure peace, stability and prosperity in Europe and the motivation for enlargement was to extend these targets in a broader Union.

We should therefore see the accession of Cyprus politically, not economically, starting from the observation that Cyprus is a part of Europe, to which instability is being exported from Turkey: Instability in precisely those forms which Europe is greatly concerned about:

The export of population, mainland settlers, whose presence is one of the forces driving away the indigenous Turkish Cypriot population:

Export of extremism, in the form of the Nationalist Hearth Associations, and terrorism in the form of the Grey Wolves, resulting into the recent brutal murders.

We do not yet know whether Islamic fundamentalism is being exported to the occupied part of Cyprus. But the Turkish expansionism is a definite thread for Cyprus and Greece and severely undermine stability in the region.

Europe cannot ignore these phenomena, but on the contrary should approach them with an analytical mind. One would then ask whether, by excluding Cyprus from entry to the EU, the EU would be insulating itself from the problem. The answer is of course in the negative since Greece, a country immediately concerned by this instability and Turkish expansionism, is a member of the Union. So instability in the Eastern Mediterranean is a problem of concern to the Union, and should be met independently of Cyprus membership.

Well let us examine what preventive diplomacy is as it was successfully exercised in Central and Eastern Europe: There, the countries which are intensely interested in joining the EU were asked to solve problems that might cause friction between them (primarily minority questions) before they would be seriously considered as candidates. Each country was motivated to contribute to solutions by the prospect of accession.

Statements casting doubts as to whether Cyprus will join the European Union without a solution would be relevant only if both sides are equally anxious to join the Union. in such a case such threats could become a motivation for solving the problem. In our case, Turkey does not want a solution and does not want Cyprus accession to the European Union.

I wish to repeat as clearly as I can that the solution of the Cyprus problem is the number one priority of the Cyprus Government independently of the aim of accession. In fact, it is the only policy issue having higher priority than EU entry.

It is Turkey that is blocking a solution of the problem by rejecting the several U.N. Resolutions.

The Resolutions of the Security Council on Cyprus demand the withdrawal of foreign troops: Turkey insists on their continued presence in Cyprus.

Resolution 939 of the Security Council reaffirms the position that a Cyprus settlement must be based on one State, a single sovereignty and international personality and a single citizenship with its independence and territorial integrity safeguarded: Turkey in effect demands the establishment of two states and partition since it insists on two separate sovereignties.

The United Nations Resolutions demand the return of the refugees to their homes in conditions of safety: Turkey denies all their basic rights.

The United Nations have mounted a major effort to supervise the cease-fire in Cyprus: The Turkish occupation troops have killed four unarmed Greek Cypriots since June. It is this Turkish intransigence during the last twenty-two years that has led to impasse.

Therefore it is Turkey that needs to be motivated towards facilitating a solution and not us. And this motivation could be generated by speeding the irreversible course of Cyprus towards accession.

Let me state once again:

Appeasement has never worked, and it will obviously not work now. It is in Europe's interest, despite objections or even provocations on the part of Turkey, to move ahead in an irreversible course for the accession of Cyprus. This is also in the interests of the whole population of Cyprus.

Many wish to see a solution before accession. We go one step further: We aspire to solve the problem before we start accession negotiations. We strongly believe that the time available until negotiations start provides a unique opportunity for bringing an end to the Cyprus problem.

We should all work as hard as we can so that the day we embark on the accession negotiations, all the people of Cyprus, Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots will be marching together for this great venture.

That would mark not only the beginning of the accession process but also the end of the division of our country and our people and the beginning of building of Cyprus of tomorrow. A free Cyprus, a peaceful Cyprus, a prosperous Cyprus, a Cyprus member of the European Union.

This is our vision, this is our goal, this is our dream and we invite you all to help us making it a reality.

Thank you.


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